United Arab Emirates

Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam di United Arab Emirates (atau dirujuk di dalam artikal ini sebagai UAE – Emiriyah Arab Bersatu) buat pertama kalinya di kanunkan oleh kerajaannya pada tahun 2005 dan di namai dan di dikrikan sebagai The Personal Status Law No. 28 of 2005.

Mengenai hak mut’ah Perkara 140 Undang-Undang UAE tahun 2005 itu  memperuntukan bahawa kadar mut’ah adalah sejumlah yang tidak melebihi kadaran nafkah selama setahun menurut kadaran nafkah isteri-isteri orang lain yang setara dengan isteri yang diceraikan itu. Cara pembayaran boleh diperintahkan untuk dibayar secara ansuran dan terpulang kepada pertimbangan Qadi berdasarkan pertimbangan tertentu.

Dikatakan bahawa motaa (mut’a/mut’ah) yang dituntut oleh si isteri adalah untuk tempoh setahun perbelanjaan untuk menampung ‘kerosakan atau penderitaan moral’. Tuntutan itu adalah bersamaan dengan anggaran 25% dari pendapatan tahunan sisuami.

Lihat link dibawah ini sebagai rujukan:

http://www.expatechodubai.com/new-to-dubai/know-your-rights-marriage-dissolution-compensation/

Perkara 140 tersebut memperuntukan:

Article 140: If the husband divorces his wife in a valid, consummated marriage by his unilateral wish and without her having asked for this [divorce], she is entitled to mutªa besides the maintenance for the ªidda period according to the circumstances of the husband and not more than the sum of one year’s maintenance of her peers. The qadi may break the sum into instalments according to the husband’s ability to pay, and in assessing the amount shall have regard to the prejudice suffered by the woman.

Terjemahan secara literal:

Jika suami menceraikan isterinya dalam perkahwinan yang sah disempurnakan, secara unilateral (sebelah pihak) dan tanpa siisteri meminta [perceraian] itu, maka siisteri layak untuk [bayaran] Mut’ah selain dari [bayaran] nafkah dalam tempoh iddah mengikut keadaan suami dan tidak melebihi jumlah nafkah setahun (nafkah menurut kadar yang dialami oleh para isteri yang sepertinya. Kadi boleh menetapkan jumlah tersebut dibayar secara ansuran mengikut kemampuan suami untuk membayar, dan dalam menaksirkan jumlah (ansuran) tersebut Kadi hendaklah mengambil kira kepada kesan/akibat/derita (prejudis) yang dialami oleh isteri/perempuan itu..

Peruntukan Perkara 140 tersebut seolah-olah mengatakan bahawa jika si isteri meminta perceraian maka hak mut’ahnya hilang berdasarkan rangkaikata dalam peruntukan itu yang berbunyi: ‘... and without her having asked for this divorce ..’ namun pada tahun 2010 Mahkamah Agung UAE telah menafsirkan sebaliknya.

Mengenai hak wanita untuk perceraian tersebut akhbar The National pada 24.11.2010 ada melapurkan dengan tajuk:

Supreme Court boosts divorce rights of women -

ABU DHABI. A woman can divorce her husband regardless of his consent while men cannot unilaterally ask for divorce, the Supreme Court said in a ruling released yesterday. The decision came in a case from Sharjah in which a wife filed for a divorce and arbitrators denied her request. An appeals court overturned that decision, and her husband appealed to the Supreme Court. According to the ruling, the court of first instance rejected the divorce "when in fact if [the request] was filed by the wife, you are required by law to order a divorce". The ruling also said that a husband must not be granted a divorce if the wife did not also file and there was no evidence of fault or mistreatment by her.

The Supreme Court said there could be three outcomes.

(1) If the husband mistreated the wife, arbiters should order a divorce and the wife will receive all her marriage and divorce financial rights, including dowry and other compensation. (2) If there was fault on both sides, arbiters should order a divorce and a settlement depending on the extent of mistreatment. (3) If the wife mistreated her husband, she waives her right to any financial settlement in the divorce.

Traditionally, a woman who files without her husband's consent risks waiving her rights to any dowry or compensation. Under Sharia, a husband can verbally divorce his wife. But, experts said, husbands often force their wives to file in court in the hope of avoiding any payments.

"The [Supreme Court] ruling is very significant because it identifies the issue of husbands trying to circumvent the law and get away from giving their wives their due rights," said Salwa al Habib, a lawyer who specialises in family cases. Mrs al Habib said many women accept pressure from their husbands to file so they can avoid lengthy and costly court proceedings. They also are often pushed into waiving the right to personal compensation as a precondition to the husband's agreement to the divorce.

In the same ruling, the Supreme Court said judges should ignore a woman's decision to give up a financial settlement if there is any indication the request was coerced. In such cases, a court must order a divorce but also require the man to pay the wife her full financial due.

The case from Sharjah involved a wife who filed for a divorce in December 2009. The Sharjah Court of First Instance appointed two arbitrators to investigate the cause of the dispute and attempted to help settle the couple's differences. According to law, judges must rely on the arbitrators' report to make a decision. The arbitrators failed to fix the relationship and could not pinpoint the cause of the dispute, so they rejected the divorce. The court officially rejected her request on March 18.

The wife appealed the verdict and the Sharjah Court of Appeals appointed new arbitrators. That court then overturned the verdict on July 1, granting her a divorce. The court also ruled that the husband should give the wife half of her "deferred dowry", the portion of dowry paid after marriage, which in her case amounted to Dh10,000.

The wife had told the court on June 13 that she forfeited her rights to any financial settlement. But the Appeals Court ignored her decision because there was evidence she had been coerced into the statement, and the court ordered the husband to pay. The Supreme Court upheld that decision.

"The decision [to forfeit rights] should emanate from free will," wrote Chief Justice Falah al Hajeri of the Supreme Court. "If [judges] suspect that the decision was made for a certain purpose, it should be discarded."

The man appealed to the Supreme Court, which ultimately rejected his requests.

hhassan@thenational.ae Read more: http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/supreme-court-boosts-divorce-rights-of-women#ixzz2YisLbzMv Follow us: @TheNationalUAE on Twitter | thenational.ae on Facebook

Peruntukan didalam undang-undang No. 28 tahun 2005 United Arab Emirates tersebut juga secara terperinci menekankan bahawa "peruntukan-peruntukan dalam undang-undang ini diambil dari dan ditafsirkan mengikut hukum-hukum dan prinsip-prinsip perundangan Islam" dengan bantuan tafsiran pandangan mazhab-mazhab mengenai sumber-sumber peruntukan tertentu, dan sekiranya tidak terdapat teks, perintah Hakim hendaklah diputuskan selaras dengan pendapat yang terdapat dengan meluas dalam empat Mazhab Sunni mengikut hierarki yang berikut: pertama kepada pendapat dan pandangan Mazhab Maliki, dan jika tiada maka barulah kepada pandangan Mazhab Hanbali, dan seterusnya kepada Mazhab Syafie dan akhirnya kepada Mazhab Hanafi.

Ini jelas di peruntukan di bawah Perkara 2 Undang-Undang UAE No. 28 tahun 2005 tersebut sepertimana berikut:

Article 2

1.     In understanding, interpreting or construing the legislative provisions of this Law, the principles and rules of the Muslim doctrine shall be consulted.

2.     The provisions of this Law shall apply on all matters dealt with herein, in words and context. For the purposes of interpretation and completion of their provisions, the doctrinal school of thought from which these matters derived shall be consulted.

3.     In the absence of a text in this Law, judgment shall be given in accordance with what is widely known of Malik’s doctrine, then Ahmed’s, then El Shaffei’s, then Abi Hanifa’s doctrine.

Berikut ialah sedikit latar belakang mengenai UAE sebagai informasi tambahan bagi menilai perkara tuntutan mut’ah. Walaupun negerinya berkedudukan sedemikian dari segi geografi, sejarah latarbelakang dan ekonominya tuntutan jumlah mut’ahnya mempunyai asas perkiraan yang agak mudah dan terhad.

Emiriyah Arab Bersatu i/juːˌnaɪtɨdˌærəb ɛmɪrɨts / (Bahasa Arab: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة Dawlat al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyyah al-Muttahidah), juga dirujuk dengan panggilan Emiriyah atau UAE adalah sebuah negara Arab di tenggara Semenanjung Arab di Teluk Parsi dan bersempadan dengan Oman di timur dan Arab Saudi di selatan serta berkongsi sempadan laut dengan Qatar dan Iran.

UAE adalah sebuah persekutuan tujuh emiriah terdiri dari Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, dan Umm al-Quwain. Setiap emiriah ditadbir oleh seorang Amir secara turun temurun. Ibu negerinya adalah Abu Dhabi yang juga merupakan pusat aktiviti komersial dan kebudayaan. Islam adalah agama rasmi di UAE dan bahasa rasminya adalah bahasa Arab.

Rizab minyak UAE disenaraikan sebagai ketujuh terbesar didunia. Rizab gas aslinya adalah yang ketujuh belas terbesar di dunia. UAE merupakan antara kuasa ekonomi yang paling maju di Asia Barat. Pendapatan per kapitanya adalah yang ketujuh tertinggi di dunia.